The Invention of Radio Technology

Radio owes its development to two other inventions: the telegraph and the telephone.  All three technologies are closely related, and radio technology actually began as wireless telegraphy. The term radio can refer to either the electronic appliance that we listen with or to the content that plays from it. In any case, it all started with the discovery of radio waves—electromagnetic waves that have the capacity to transmit music, speech, pictures, and other data invisibly through the air. Many devices work by using electromagnetic waves, including radios, microwaves, cordless phones, remote controlled toys, televisions, and more. The Roots of Radio Scottish physicist  James Clerk Maxwell first predicted the existence of radio waves in the 1860s. In 1886, German physicist  Heinrich Rudolph Hertz demonstrated that rapid variations of electric current could be projected into space in the form of radio waves, similar to light waves and heat waves. In 1866, Mahlon Loomis, an American dentist, successfully demonstrated wireless telegraphy. Loomis was able to make a meter connected to a kite cause a meter connected to another nearby kite to move. This  marked the first known instance of wireless aerial communication. But it was Guglielmo Marconi, an Italian inventor, who proved the feasibility of radio communication. He sent and received his first radio signal in Italy in 1895. In 1899, he flashed the first wireless signal across the English Channel, and two years later received the letter S, which was telegraphed from England to Newfoundland (now part of Canada). This was the first successful transatlantic radiotelegraph message. In addition to Marconi, two of his contemporaries,  Nikola Tesla and Nathan Stubblefield, took out patents for wireless radio transmitters. Nikola Tesla is now credited with being the first person to patent radio technology. The Supreme Court overturned Marconis patent in 1943 in favor of Teslas. The Invention of Radiotelegraphy Radiotelegraphy is the sending by radio waves of the same dot-dash message (Morse code) used by telegraphs. Transmitters, at the turn of the century, were known as spark-gap machines. They were developed mainly for ship-to-shore and ship-to-ship communication. This form of radiotelegraphy allowed for simple communication between two points. However, it was not public radio broadcasting as we know it today. The use of wireless signaling increased after it was proved to be effective in communication for rescue work at sea. Soon a number of ocean liners even installed wireless equipment. In 1899, the United States Army established wireless communications with a lightship off Fire Island, New York. Two years later, the Navy adopted a wireless system. Up until  then, the Navy had been using visual signaling and homing pigeons for communication. In 1901, radiotelegraph service was established between five Hawaiian Islands. In 1903, a Marconi station located in Wellfleet, Massachusetts,  carried an exchange between President Theodore Roosevelt and King Edward VII. In 1905, the naval battle of Port Arthur in the Russo-Japanese war was reported by wireless. And in 1906, the U.S. Weather Bureau experimented with radiotelegraphy to speed up notice of weather conditions. Robert E. Peary, an arctic explorer, radiotelegraphed  I found the Pole in 1909. A year later, Marconi established regular American-European radiotelegraph service, which several months later enabled an escaped British murderer to be apprehended on the high seas. In 1912, the first transpacific radiotelegraph service was established,  linking San Francisco with Hawaii. Meanwhile, overseas radiotelegraph service developed slowly, primarily because the initial radiotelegraph transmitter was unstable and caused a high amount of interference. The Alexanderson high-frequency alternator and the De Forest tube eventually resolved many of these early technical problems. The Advent of Space Telegraphy Lee de Forest was the inventor of space telegraphy, the triode amplifier, and the Audion, an amplifying vacuum tube. In the early 1900s, the development of radio was hampered by the lack of an efficient detector of electromagnetic radiation. It was De Forest who provided that detector. His invention made it possible to amplify the radio frequency signal picked up by antennae. This allowed for the use of much weaker signals than had previously been possible. De Forest was also the first person to use the word radio. The result of Lee de Forests work was the invention of amplitude-modulated or AM radio, which allowed for a multitude of radio stations. It was a huge improvement over the earlier spark-gap transmitters. True Broadcasting Begins In 1915, speech was first transmitted by radio across the continent from New York City to San Francisco and across the Atlantic Ocean. Five years later, Westinghouses KDKA-Pittsburgh broadcasted  the Harding-Cox election returns and began a daily schedule of radio programs. In 1927, commercial radiotelephony  service linking North America and Europe was opened.  In 1935, the first telephone call was made around the world using a combination of wire and radio circuits. Edwin Howard Armstrong  invented frequency-modulated or FM radio in 1933. FM improved the audio signal of radio by controlling the noise static caused by electrical equipment and the earths atmosphere. Until 1936, all American transatlantic telephone communication had to be routed through England. That year, a direct radiotelephone circuit was opened to Paris. In 1965, the first Master  FM Antenna system  in the world, designed to allow individual FM stations to broadcast simultaneously from one source, was erected on the Empire State Building in New York City.

Auditing Chap. 5 - 1176 Words

5-52 Trend analysis, common-size financial statements, and ratios are presented for the Brody Corporation in Figure 5.4. Assume that you are auditing Brody s financial statements for the year ended 12/31/X8. You have performed tests of controls over the recording of gross sales and believe that the system is operating effectively and that 7 percent represents an accurate estimate of the increase in gross sales for 20X8 over the amount for 20X7. You should also assume that the financial statements for 20X6 and 20X7 are not misstated. Required a. | | Analyze Figure 5.4 and identify any accounts that appear to represent significant variations from what one might expect. For each of the accounts, identify another account that might†¦show more content†¦John Ross, who had been a manager with a large CPA firm, was quickly hired to replace Wagner. Although the change in Datasave s chief financial officer caused some disruption, the audit was completed on a timely basis. As the last step in the audit process, you have prepared the representation letter for signing. You wanted the letter to be signed by William Cox, the president; Robert Star, the controller; and Wagner, who occasionally came to the company s offices to resolve matters regarding his past compensation. The signatures of Cox and Star were obtained, and you approached Wagner for his signature. In response to your request, Wagner replied, â€Å"I no longer am employed with this crazy company. Why should I take any responsibility for the financial stat ements?† Despite your attempts to persuade him, Wagner refused to sign the letter. Wagner also refused to discuss the reasons for his resignation, other than to say the reasons were personal. When you discussed the problem of Wagner s refusal to sign with Cox, he indicated that there was no problem because Ross would sign the letter. You see this as a possible solution, but you are aware that Ross knows very little about the financial statements for the year under audit. Also, you are still somewhat concerned about the reasons for Wagner s resignation.Required: a. Describe fully the alternatives that are available to you in this situation.MakingShow MoreRelatedStudy Plan1916 Words   |  8 PagesLWC1 STUDY PLAN CONTRACTUAL RELATIONSHIPS Chap Study Questions -10 1. What is the definition of a contract? An agreement between two or more parties for the doing or not doing of something specified. 2. Describe the various types of contracts. 1) Bilateral and Unilateral 2) Express and Implied 3) Executory and Executed 3. Identify and describe the theories of recovery in contract law. -17 1. What conditions would constitute a discharge of a contract? 1) Material breach 2) MinorRead MoreInternal Controls And Internal Control System1580 Words   |  7 Pagesincluded in the Charity Scandal Timeline in Appendix 5. 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My Chance In History free essay sample

Was it true? The Rolling Stones, the worlds greatest rocknroll band, was touring again? I dismissed this thought without thinking about it. The Rolling Stones? Theyre as old as my parents! How could people that old tour again? After pondering the chances of this historic event happening, I dreamed of what it would be like to see them. My friend asked me if I was interested in risking my money to see the Stones. I decided it was worth the gamble for this once-in-a-lifetime opportunity. Yes, I was going to Foxboro to see them. I downplayed the event for the next few weeks, trying not to wear out the idea of seeing legends in the music world, but it wasnt easy. When the day arrived, the pre-concert anxiety was unbearable. How good would they be? Would their age affect their music? Would they make it a night to remember? Once in the stadium, the blaring sound of Living Colour did an admirable job loosening up the crowd of moms and dads, men and women, boys and girls. We will write a custom essay sample on My Chance In History or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Then the lights went down, up went the noise, and on came the Stones. Their first song,Start Me Up, put everyone in the mood. Some people danced and sang, while others just stood in amazement at what they were seeing. One and a half hours into the show, I decided to take a break from singing and yelling. I stood and watched as they played Little Red Rooster. The musical affect of the band is one reason why they have been so successful. Another reason they were so captivating that night went beyond their music. These guys were over 40, and they were rocking people from 10 to 50, turning the audience into one with songs like Ruby Tuesday,Honky Tonk Women, and Brown Sugar. I couldnt believe that I was lucky enough to have this chance to see musical history. The Rolling Stones will probably never tour again. Ill never forget it.